nucВестник НЯЦ РКNNC RK Bulletin1729-75161729-7885Национальный ядерный центр Республики Казахстан10.52676/1729-7885-2026-3-186-195nuc-1100Research ArticleСтатьи35 ЛЕТ ПОСЛЕ ЗАКРЫТИЯ СЕМИПАЛАТИНСКОГО ИСПЫТАТЕЛЬНОГО ПОЛИГОНА: РАДИОАКТИВНОЕ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ И ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ РАДИОНУКЛИДОВ В ОСНОВНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТАХ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ35 YEARS AFTER THE CLOSURE OF THE SEMIPALATINSK TEST SITE: RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION AND PATTERNS OF RADIONUCLIDE BEHAVIOR IN THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTShttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6445-7769БатырбековЭ. Г.BatyrbekovE. G.

Эрлан Гадлетович Батырбеков

Курчатов

Kurchatov

larionova@nnc.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3047-586XАйдархановА. О.AidarkhanovA. О.

Асан Оралханович Айдарханов - к.б.н., PhD.

Курчатов

Kurchatov

asan@nnc.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-4414ЛарионоваН. В.LarionovaN. V.

Наталья Владимировна Ларионова - к.б.н., PhD

Курчатов

Kurchatov

larionova@nnc.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-8806ПаницкийА. В.PanitskiyA. V.

Андрей Васильевич Паницкий - к.б.н., PhD

Курчатов

Kurchatov

panitskiy@nnc.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3737-7111АйдархановаА. К.AidarkhanovaA. К.

Альмира Курмановна Айдарханова - к.б.н.

Курчатов

Kurchatov

almira@nnc.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-2160ТимоноваЛ. В.TimonovaL. V.

Любовь Валерьевна Тимонова

Курчатов

Kurchatov

Timonova@nnc.kzКундузбаеваА. Е.KunduzbayevaA. Ye.

Курчатов

Kurchatov

КабдыраковаА. М.KabdyrakovaA. M.

Курчатов

Kurchatov

ТурченкоД. В.TurchenkoD. V.

Курчатов

Kurchatov

СубботинС. Б.SubbotinS. B.

Курчатов

Kurchatov

РГП «Национальный ядерный центр Республики Казахстан»КазахстанRSE ‘National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan’KazakhstanФилиал «Институт радиационной безопасности и экологии» РГП НЯЦ РККазахстанBranch office ‘Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology’ of the RSE ‘NNC RK’KazakhstanФилиал "Институт радиационной безопасности и экологии" РГП НЯЦ РККазахстанBranch office ‘Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology’ of the RSE ‘NNC RK’Kazakhstan20261610202603186195Copyright © Батырбеков Э.Г., Айдарханов А.О., Ларионова Н.В., Паницкий А.В., Айдарханова А.К., Тимонова Л.В., Кундузбаева А.Е., Кабдыракова А.М., Турченко Д.В., Субботин С.Б., 20262026Батырбеков Э.Г., Айдарханов А.О., Ларионова Н.В., Паницкий А.В., Айдарханова А.К., Тимонова Л.В., Кундузбаева А.Е., Кабдыракова А.М., Турченко Д.В., Субботин С.Б.Batyrbekov E.G., Aidarkhanov A.О., Larionova N.V., Panitskiy A.V., Aidarkhanova A.К., Timonova L.V., Kunduzbayeva A.Y., Kabdyrakova A.M., Turchenko D.V., Subbotin S.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journals.nnc.kz/jour/article/view/1100

В статье обобщены данные о радиоактивном загрязнении основных объектов окружающей среды Семипалатинского испытательного полигона (СИП), включая почвенный и растительный покров, животный мир, поверхностные воды, атмосферный воздух и осадки (снег). Рассмотрены особенности содержания и распределения 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, 241Am и 239+240Pu, а также основные механизмы их переноса между компонентами экосистем. Выявлено, что загрязнение территории характеризуется выраженной пространственной неоднородностью, а наиболее высокие уровни содержания радионуклидов приурочены к эпицентрам наземных испытаний, радиоактивным следам, приустьевым участкам скважин, водонаполненным воронкам и зонам воздействия загрязненных водотоков. В почвах основная часть 137Cs, 241Am и 239+240Pu сохраняется в верхних горизонтах и связана с твердой фазой, тогда как наибольшей вертикальной подвижностью характеризуется 90Sr. Накопление радионуклидов растениями и животными определяется характером загрязнения местообитаний, свойствами радионуклидов и биологическими особенностями видов. Наиболее высокие уровни загрязнения поверхностных водных экосистем отмечены в техногенных водоемах, донных отложениях и водотоках площадки «Дегелен». Поступление радионуклидов в атмосферу связано с переходом 3H из загрязненных вод и почвенной влаги, а также с пылевым переносом частиц почвы. Показано, что современное радиоактивное загрязнение СИП преимущественно имеет локальный характер и определяется типом проведенных испытаний и последующим перераспределением радионуклидов в окружающей среде.

The article summarizes data on radioactive contamination of the main environmental components of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), including soil and vegetation cover, wildlife, surface waters, atmospheric air, and snow cover. The occurrence and distribution patterns of 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, 241Am, and 239+240Pu, as well as the main mechanisms of their transfer among ecosystem components, are considered. The contamination of the territory is characterized by pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with the highest radionuclide levels associated with the epicenters of surface nuclear tests, radioactive fallout traces, areas around borehole outlets, water-filled craters, and zones affected by contaminated watercourses. In soils, most of the 137Cs, 241Am, and 239+240Pu remains concentrated in the upper horizons and is associated with the solid phase, whereas 90Sr exhibits the greatest vertical mobility. Radionuclide accumulation in plants and animals is determined by the contamination characteristics of their habitats, radionuclide properties, and species-specific biological characteristics. The highest levels of contamination in surface aquatic ecosystems are observed in artificial water bodies, bottom sediments, and watercourses at the Degelen site. The release of radionuclides into the atmosphere is associated with the transfer of 3H from contaminated waters and soil moisture, as well as with the resuspension and atmospheric transport of soil particles. The results demonstrate that present-day radioactive contamination of the STS is predominantly localized and is determined by the types of nuclear tests conducted and the subsequent redistribution of radionuclides in the environment.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.