nucВестник НЯЦ РКNNC RK Bulletin1729-75161729-7885Национальный ядерный центр Республики Казахстан10.52676/1729-7885-2025-3-164-175nuc-881Research ArticleСтатьиИОНОСФЕРНАЯ БУРЯ 25/26 МАЯ 1967 Г. КАК МОДЕЛЬ ОТКЛИКА ИОНОСФЕРЫ НА ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНОЕ ВОЗМУЩЕНИЕ МАГНИТНОГО ПОЛЯ ЗЕМЛИIONOSPHERIC STORM OF MAY 25/26, 1967 AS A MODEL OF IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO EXTREME DISTURBANCE OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-9108ГордиенкоГ. И.GordienkoG. I.

Гордиенко Галина И. - заведующая лаборатории физики и моделирования ионосферы, главный научный сотрудник.

Алматы

Almaty

ggordiyenko@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-0676ЛитвиновЮ. Г.LitvinovYu. G.

Литвинов Юрий Г. - лаборатории физики и моделирования ионосферы, ведущий научный сотрудник.

Алматы

Almaty

yurii-litvinov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-182XЖиганбаевМ. Ю.ZhiganbayevM. Yu.

Жиганбаев Мурат Ю. - лаборатория физики и моделирования ионосферы, старший научный сотрудник.

Алматы

Almaty

zhiganbayev@ionos.kzТОО «Институт ионосферы»Казахстан“Institute of Ionosphere” LLPKazakhstan20251810202503164175Copyright © Гордиенко Г.И., Литвинов Ю.Г., Жиганбаев М.Ю., 20252025Гордиенко Г.И., Литвинов Ю.Г., Жиганбаев М.Ю.Gordienko G.I., Litvinov Y.G., Zhiganbayev M.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journals.nnc.kz/jour/article/view/881

Представлены результаты исследования ионосферных эффектов экстремальной геомагнитной бури 25/26 мая 1967 г. (Dst = –387 nT), полученные с использованием ионосферных данных, измеренных на пяти ионосферных станциях, расположенных в регионе Средней Азии. Геомагнитная буря с начальной фазой продолжительностью примерно 9 часов, началась в ~20 UT 25 мая, что для рассматриваемого региона соответствует ночному времени (в 00:01 LT) 26 мая.

Отрицательное ионосферное возмущение продолжительностью порядка 28 часов, начавшееся на всех рассматриваемых станциях во время начала главной фазы геомагнитной бури, характеризовалось понижением критических частот слоя F2 ионосферы foF2 в 2,2 раза по сравнению с уровнем foF2 в спокойных геомагнитных условиях. Наблюдавшееся во время отрицательной фазы ионосферной бури «условие G», когда foF2 ≤ foF1, продолжалось порядка 11 часов и указывало на значительные изменения в параметрах термосферы, ответственных за формирование F-области в средних широтах.

Аномальное образование ночного E-слоя, наблюдаемое на всех ионосферных станциях, обсуждается в рамках физического механизма высыпания энергичных частиц на средних и низких широтах.

Повышенные значения и wave-like вариации критических частот foF2, наблюдаемые во время фазы восстановления геомагнитной бури, интерпретируются с точки зрения обусловленности их перемещающимися атмосферными возмущениями.

Событие black out, связанное с полным поглощением зондирующего сигнала, наблюдаемое на станциях в регионе Средней Азии и Дальнего Востока 28 мая, ассоциируется с воздействием на нижнюю ионосферу потока солнечных космических лучей высокой интенсивности, зарегистрированных в этот период.

Ионосферная буря 25/26 мая может служить моделью отклика ионосферы на экстремальное возмущение магнитного поля Земли.

The article presents the results of the study of ionospheric effects of the extreme geomagnetic storm of May 25/26, 1967 (Dst = −387 nT) obtained using ionospheric data measured at five ionospheric stations located in the Central Asian region. The geomagnetic storm with an initial phase lasting approximately 9 hours began at ~20 UT on May 25, which for the region under consideration corresponds to nighttime (at 00:01 LT) on May 26.

The negative ionospheric disturbance lasting about 28 hours, which began at all stations under consideration during the onset of the main phase of the geomagnetic storm, was characterized by a decrease in the critical frequencies of the ionospheric F2 layer foF2 by 2.2 times compared to the foF2 level under quiet geomagnetic conditions. The “G condition” observed during the negative phase of the ionospheric storm, when foF2 foF1, lasted for about 11 hours and indicated significant changes in the thermospheric parameters responsible for the formation of the F-region in the middle latitudes. The anomalous formation of the nighttime E-layer observed at all ionospheric stations is discussed in the context of the physical mechanism of energetic particle precipitation at middle and low latitudes.

The increased values and wave-like variations of the critical frequencies of foF2 observed during the recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm are interpreted in terms of their being caused by traveling atmospheric disturbances (TAD).

The black out event associated with the complete absorption of the sounding signal observed at stations in the Central Asian and Far Eastern regions on May 28 is associated with the impact of the high-intensity solar cosmic ray flux recorded during this period on the lower ionosphere.

The ionospheric storm of May 25/26 can serve as a model of the ionospheric response to an extreme disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field.

ионосфераионосферная буряэкстремальная геомагнитная буряionosphereionospheric stormextreme geomagnetic stormДанное исследование спонсировано Комитетом науки Министерства науки и высшего образования Республики Казахстан (Грант № BR21882375 «Создание и модернизация изделий космической техники повышенной надежности наземного и космического сегментов и исследование ионосферы»). Особенности локальных геомагнитных вариаций оценивались по данным геомагнитной обсерватории Алма-Ата. Данные по F10.7 загружены с сайта http://www.swpc. noaa.gov. Автор выражает благодарность О. Шкрамада за помощь в обработке материалов архивных ионосферных данных.ReferencesGopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Michalek, G., Xie, H., Lepping, R. P., and Howard, R. A. Solar source of the largest geomagnetic storm of cycle 23 // Geophys. Res. Lett. – 2005. – Vol. 32. – At. no. L12S09. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021639Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Michalek, G., Xie, H., Lepping, R. P., and Howard, R. A. Solar source of the largest geomagnetic storm of cycle 23 // Geophys. Res. Lett. – 2005. – Vol. 32. – At. no. L12S09. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021639Daglis, I. A., Chang, L. C., Dasso, S., Gopalswamy, N., Khabarova, O. V., Kilpua, E., Lopez, R., Marsh, D., Matthes, K., Nandy, D., Seppälä, A., Shiokawa, K., Thiéblemont, R., and Zong, Q. Predictability of variable solar–terrestrial coupling // Ann. Geophys. – 2021. – Vol. 39. – P. 1013–1035. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021Daglis, I. A., Chang, L. C., Dasso, S., Gopalswamy, N., Khabarova, O. V., Kilpua, E., Lopez, R., Marsh, D., Matthes, K., Nandy, D., Seppälä, A., Shiokawa, K., Thiéblemont, R., and Zong, Q. Predictability of variable solar–terrestrial coupling // Ann. Geophys. – 2021. – Vol. 39. – P. 1013–1035. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-1013-2021Lam, H.-L., Boteler, D. H., and Trichtchenko, L. Case studies of space weather events from their launching on the Sun to their impacts on power systems on the Earth // Annales Geophysicae. – 2002. – Vol. 20. – P. 1073–1079.Lam, H.-L., Boteler, D. H., and Trichtchenko, L. Case studies of space weather events from their launching on the Sun to their impacts on power systems on the Earth // Annales Geophysicae. – 2002. – Vol. 20. – P. 1073–1079.Lanzerotti, L. J., 2001. Space weather effects on technologies // Space Weather. – 2001. – Vol. 125. – 11.Lanzerotti, L. J., 2001. Space weather effects on technologies // Space Weather. – 2001. – Vol. 125. – 11.Basu, Su., Basu, S., Makela, J. J., MacKenzie, E., Doherty, P., Wright, J. W., Rich, F., Keskinen, M. J., Sheehan, R. E., and Coster, A. J. Large magnetic storm-induced nighttime ionospheric flows at midlatitudes and their impacts on GPS-based navigation systems // J. Geophys. Res. – 2008. – Vol. 113. – Art. no. A00A06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013076Basu, Su., Basu, S., Makela, J. J., MacKenzie, E., Doherty, P., Wright, J. W., Rich, F., Keskinen, M. J., Sheehan, R. E., and Coster, A. J. Large magnetic storm-induced nighttime ionospheric flows at midlatitudes and their impacts on GPS-based navigation systems // J. Geophys. Res. – 2008. – Vol. 113. – Art. no. A00A06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013076Afraimovich, E.L., Demyanov, V.V., Kondakova, T.N. Degradation of performance of the navigation GPS system in geomagnetically disturbed conditions // GPS Solutions. – 2003. – Vol. 7(2). – P. 109–119.Afraimovich, E.L., Demyanov, V.V., Kondakova, T.N. Degradation of performance of the navigation GPS system in geomagnetically disturbed conditions // GPS Solutions. – 2003. – Vol. 7(2). – P. 109–119.Bolduc, L. GIC observations and studies in the Hydro-Quebec power system // J Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. – 2002. – Vol. 64. – P. 1793–1802.Bolduc, L. GIC observations and studies in the Hydro-Quebec power system // J Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. – 2002. – Vol. 64. – P. 1793–1802.Gaunt, C. T., and Coetzee, G. Transformer failures in regions incorrectly considered to have low GIC-risk // In Power Tech, 2007 IEEE Lausanne, Switzerland. – P. 807–812.Gaunt, C. T., and Coetzee, G. Transformer failures in regions incorrectly considered to have low GIC-risk // In Power Tech, 2007 IEEE Lausanne, Switzerland. – P. 807–812.Dang, T., Li, X., Luo, B., Li, R., Zhang, B., Pham, K., et al. Unveiling the space weather during the Starlink satellites destruction event on 4 February 2022 // Space Weather. – 2022. – Vol. 20, e2022SW003152. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003152Dang, T., Li, X., Luo, B., Li, R., Zhang, B., Pham, K., et al. Unveiling the space weather during the Starlink satellites destruction event on 4 February 2022 // Space Weather. – 2022. – Vol. 20, e2022SW003152. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003152Mike Wall, 2016. How a 1967 Solar Storm Nearly Led to Nuclear War, https://www.space.com/33687-solar-storm-cold-war-false-alarm.html.Mike Wall, 2016. How a 1967 Solar Storm Nearly Led to Nuclear War, https://www.space.com/33687-solar-storm-cold-war-false-alarm.html.Akasofu S.I. and Perreault P.D. The geomagnetic storm of May 25-26, 1967. // WDC-A, Upper Atmosphere Geophysics, ESSA, Boulder, Colorado. – P. 92–101.Akasofu S.I. and Perreault P.D. The geomagnetic storm of May 25-26, 1967. // WDC-A, Upper Atmosphere Geophysics, ESSA, Boulder, Colorado. – P. 92–101.Knipp, D. J., Ramsay, A.C., Beard, E. D. et al. The May 1967 great storm and radio disruption event: Extreme space weather and extraordinary responses // Space Weather. –2016. – Vol.14. – P. 614–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001423Knipp, D. J., Ramsay, A.C., Beard, E. D. et al. The May 1967 great storm and radio disruption event: Extreme space weather and extraordinary responses // Space Weather. –2016. – Vol.14. – P. 614–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001423Report UAG-91 “Combined Catalog of Ionosphere Vertical Soundings”, World Data Centers for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, NGDC, Boulder, Colorado, December 1984.Report UAG-91 “Combined Catalog of Ionosphere Vertical Soundings”, World Data Centers for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, NGDC, Boulder, Colorado, December 1984.Lauter, E. A., Entzian, G. Winter anomaly 1980/81 as an example of stratomesospheric coupling // Phys. Solariterr. – 1982. – Vol. 18. – P. 83–90.Lauter, E. A., Entzian, G. Winter anomaly 1980/81 as an example of stratomesospheric coupling // Phys. Solariterr. – 1982. – Vol. 18. – P. 83–90.Kokourov, V. D., 2003. Minimum frequency of reflections as a climatic characteristic of the upper atmosphere // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. – 2003. – Vol. 43(2). – P. 274–276 (In Russ.).Kokourov, V. D., 2003. Minimum frequency of reflections as a climatic characteristic of the upper atmosphere // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. – 2003. – Vol. 43(2). – P. 274–276 (In Russ.).Barta, V., Sátori, G., Berényi, K.A., Kis, Á. and Williams, E. Effects of solar flares on the ionosphere as shown by the dynamics of ionograms recorded in Europe and South Africa // Ann. Geophys. – 2019. – Vol. 37. – P. 747–761. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-747-2019Barta, V., Sátori, G., Berényi, K.A., Kis, Á. and Williams, E. Effects of solar flares on the ionosphere as shown by the dynamics of ionograms recorded in Europe and South Africa // Ann. Geophys. – 2019. – Vol. 37. – P. 747–761. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-747-2019Bostrom, C. O., Kohl, J. W., Williams, D. J. and Arens, J. F., 1969. The solar cosmic ray events in May, 1967. Report UAG-5 “Data on Solar Event of May 23, 1967 and its Geophysical Effects”, WDC-A, Upper Atmosphere Geophysics, ESSA, Boulder, Colorado, 68–70.Bostrom, C. O., Kohl, J. W., Williams, D. J. and Arens, J. F., 1969. The solar cosmic ray events in May, 1967. Report UAG-5 “Data on Solar Event of May 23, 1967 and its Geophysical Effects”, WDC-A, Upper Atmosphere Geophysics, ESSA, Boulder, Colorado, 68–70.Van Allen, J.A., 1969. Solar X-ray flares on 23 May 1967. Report UAG-5 “Data on Solar Event of May 23, 1967 and its Geophysical Effects”, WDC-A, Upper Atmosphere Geophysics, ESSA, Boulder, Colorado, 46–47.Van Allen, J.A., 1969. Solar X-ray flares on 23 May 1967. Report UAG-5 “Data on Solar Event of May 23, 1967 and its Geophysical Effects”, WDC-A, Upper Atmosphere Geophysics, ESSA, Boulder, Colorado, 46–47.Danilov, A.D. and Morozova, L.D. Ionospheric storms in the F2 region: Morphology and physics (Review) // Geomagn. Aeron. – 1985. – Vol. 25. – P. 593–605.Danilov, A.D. and Morozova, L.D. Ionospheric storms in the F2 region: Morphology and physics (Review) // Geomagn. Aeron. – 1985. – Vol. 25. – P. 593–605.Buonsanto, M.J. Ionospheric Storms – A Review // Space Science Reviews. – 1099. – Vol. 88. – P. 563–601.Buonsanto, M.J. Ionospheric Storms – A Review // Space Science Reviews. – 1099. – Vol. 88. – P. 563–601.Mikhailov, A.V. Ionospheric F2-layer storms // Fisica de la Tierra. – 2000. – Vol. 12. – P. 223–262.Mikhailov, A.V. Ionospheric F2-layer storms // Fisica de la Tierra. – 2000. – Vol. 12. – P. 223–262.Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., and Tsurutani, B. T. Interplanetary conditions leading to superintense geomagnetic storms (Dst 250 nT) during solar cycle 23 // Geophysical Research Letters. – 2008. – Vol. 35. – L06S03. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031755Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., and Tsurutani, B. T. Interplanetary conditions leading to superintense geomagnetic storms (Dst 250 nT) during solar cycle 23 // Geophysical Research Letters. – 2008. – Vol. 35. – L06S03. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031755Echer, E., Gonzalez, W.D., Tsurutani, B.T. Statistical studies of geomagnetic storms with peak Dst 50 nT from 1957 to 2008 // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. – 2011. – Vol. 73. – P. 1454–1459.Echer, E., Gonzalez, W.D., Tsurutani, B.T. Statistical studies of geomagnetic storms with peak Dst 50 nT from 1957 to 2008 // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. – 2011. – Vol. 73. – P. 1454–1459.Paznukhov, V. V., Altadill. D., and Reinisch, B. W. Experimental evidence for the role of the neutral wind in the development of ionospheric storms in midlatitudes // J. Geophys. Res. – 2009. – Vol. 114. – A12319. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014479Paznukhov, V. V., Altadill. D., and Reinisch, B. W. Experimental evidence for the role of the neutral wind in the development of ionospheric storms in midlatitudes // J. Geophys. Res. – 2009. – Vol. 114. – A12319. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014479Danilov, A.D. Ionospheric F-region response to geomagnetic disturbances // Advances in Space Research. – 2013. – Vol. 52. – P. 343–366.Danilov, A.D. Ionospheric F-region response to geomagnetic disturbances // Advances in Space Research. – 2013. – Vol. 52. – P. 343–366.Perrone, L., Mikhailov, A.V., Sabbagh, D. Thermospheric Parameters during Ionospheric G-Conditions // Remote Sens. – 2021. – Vol. 13. – 3440. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173440.Perrone, L., Mikhailov, A.V., Sabbagh, D. Thermospheric Parameters during Ionospheric G-Conditions // Remote Sens. – 2021. – Vol. 13. – 3440. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173440.Wakai, Noboru Quiet and Disturbed Structure and Variations of the Nighttime E Region // J. Geophys. Res. – 1967. – Vol. 72. – P. 4507–4517.Wakai, Noboru Quiet and Disturbed Structure and Variations of the Nighttime E Region // J. Geophys. Res. – 1967. – Vol. 72. – P. 4507–4517.Lyons, L. R., and Richmond, A. D. Low-latitude E region ionization by energetic ring current particles // J. Geophys. Res. – 1978. – Vol. 83. – P. 2201– 2204.Lyons, L. R., and Richmond, A. D. Low-latitude E region ionization by energetic ring current particles // J. Geophys. Res. – 1978. – Vol. 83. – P. 2201– 2204.Tinsley, B. A. Energetic neutral atom precipitation during magnetic storms: Optical emission, ionization, and energy deposition at low and middle latitudes // J. Geophys. Res. – 1979. – Vol. 84. – P. 1855–1864.Tinsley, B. A. Energetic neutral atom precipitation during magnetic storms: Optical emission, ionization, and energy deposition at low and middle latitudes // J. Geophys. Res. – 1979. – Vol. 84. – P. 1855–1864.Gordienko, G. I. Mid-latitude ionospheric effects of the March 13, 1989 magnetic storm // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. – 1997. – Vol. 37(5), – P. 180–183 (in Rus.).Gordienko, G. I. Mid-latitude ionospheric effects of the March 13, 1989 magnetic storm // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. – 1997. – Vol. 37(5), – P. 180–183 (in Rus.).Gordienko, G.I., Vodyannikov, V.V. and Yakovets A.F. Ionospheric disturbances over Alma-Ata during the October-November 2003 magnetic storms // Journal of Geophysical Research. – 2005. – Vol. 110, A09S35. – P. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010945Gordienko, G.I., Vodyannikov, V.V. and Yakovets A.F. Ionospheric disturbances over Alma-Ata during the October-November 2003 magnetic storms // Journal of Geophysical Research. – 2005. – Vol. 110, A09S35. – P. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010945Gordienko, G.I., Vodyannikov, V.V., Yakovets A.F. Geomagnetic storm effects in the ionospheric E- and F-regions // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. – 2011. – Vol. 73. – P. 1818–1830.Gordienko, G.I., Vodyannikov, V.V., Yakovets A.F. Geomagnetic storm effects in the ionospheric E- and F-regions // Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. – 2011. – Vol. 73. – P. 1818–1830.Bauske, R., Noel, S. and Pro¨lss G. W., 1997. Ionospheric storm effects in the nighttime E region caused by neutralized ring current particles // Ann. Geophys. – 1997. – Vol. 15. – P. 300–305.Bauske, R., Noel, S. and Pro¨lss G. W., 1997. Ionospheric storm effects in the nighttime E region caused by neutralized ring current particles // Ann. Geophys. – 1997. – Vol. 15. – P. 300–305.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.