ASSESSMENT OF DOSE LOADS ON NATURAL LIZARD POPULATIONS INHABITING UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS AT THE TECHNICAL SITES OF THE SEMIPALATINSK TEST SITE

This article presents results of dose loads on the natural population of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis Linnaeus) inhabiting under natural conditions of chronic exposure to various levels of ionizing radiation at the test locations of the Semipalatinsk Test Site. It was established that a sand lizard can be an essential indicator of radioactive contamination of biota at the STS sites with man-made radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr. Calculations of dose loads on lizards indicate that at the different surveyed STS technical sites with historically various levels of radioactive contamination, depending on the type, yield and pattern of conducted tests, dose loads on lizards varies essentially. At the “Degelen” and “Balapan” technical sites, the bulk was formed solely due to external exposure to ¹³⁷Cs. At the “4A” site, where tests of radiological warfare agents (so–called “formulations”) were conducted at the time, the highest radiation dose rates for the sand lizard were recorded to be up to 2.2·10⁻² Gy/day. In addition, it is quite different from previous sites – only due to internal exposure to ⁹⁰Sr.

1. Beresford, N.A., M. Balonov, K. Beaugelin-Seiller, J. Brown, D. Copplestone, J.L. Hingston, J. Horyna, A. Hosseini, B.J. Howard, S. Kamboj, T. Nedveckaite, G. Olyslaegers, T. Sazykina, J. Vives i Batlle, T.L. Yankovich and C. Yu., An international comparison of models and approaches for the estimation of the radiological exposure of non-human biota // Appl. Radiat. Isot. – 2008. – Vol. 66(11). P. 1745–1749.

2. Lukashenko S.N. Aktual'nye voprosy radioekologii Kazakhstana. // Issue 1. Radioekologicheskoe sostoyanie «severnoy» chasti territorii Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'- nogo poligona. – Kurchatov. – 2010. – 234 p.

3. Aktual'nye voprosy radioekologii Kazakhstana [Optimizatsiya issledovaniy territoriy Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'- nogo poligona s tsel'yu ikh peredachi v khozyaystvennyy oborot]: monografiya / Pod. ruk. S.N. Lukashenko. – Pavlodar: Dom pechati. – 2015. – Issue 5. – 356 p. ISBN 978–601–7112–99–8.

4. Larionova N.V. Nakoplenie iskusstvennykh radionuklidov rasteniyami na territorii byvshego Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona: avtoref. dis. … kand. biol. nauk: 03.01.01 – radiobiologiya / Larionova Natal'ya Vladimirovna. – Obninsk. – 2013. – 22 p.

5. Panitskiy A.V. Osobennosti proizvodstva sel'skokhozyaystvennoy produktsii na ploshchadke “Degelen” Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona: avtoref. dis. … kand. biol. nauk: 03.01.01 – radiobiologiya / Panitskiy Andrey Vasil'evich – Obninsk. – 2013. – 24 p.

6. Mozolin E.M., Geras'kin S.A., Minkenova K.S. Radiobiologicheskie effekty u rasteniy i zhivotnykh Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona (Kazakhstan). / Radiatsionnaya biologiya. Radioekologiya. – 2008. – Vol. 48. – No. 4. – P. 422–431.

7. Panitskiy, A.V., Lukashenko, S.N., Kadyrova, N.Zh. 137Cs and 90Sr in lizards of Semipalatinsk test site. // J. Environ. Radioact. – 2017. – 166P1. – P. 91–96.

8. Kadyrova N.Zh., Panitskiy A.V., Aydarkhanov A.O., Lukashenko S.N. Soderzhanie radionuklidov v organizme myshevidnykh gryzunov, obitayushchikh na uchastkakh s razlichnym urovnem radioaktivnogo zagryazneniya ploshchadki “Balapan” // Problemy biogeokhimii i geokhimicheskoy ekologii. – 2010. – № 3 (14). – S. 158–169.

9. Panitskiy A.V., Lukashenko S.N., Kadyrova N.Zh. Radionuclides in bodies of wild animals of Semipalatinsk test site. // Book of abstracts of the III International Conference on “Environmental Radioactivity: New Challenges with New Technologies” (ENVIRA2015) (21-29 September 2015), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. – 2015. – P. 122.

10. Spiridinov S.I., Mukusheva M.K. Semipalatinskiy ispytatel'nyy poligon: Radioekologicheskie modeli i riski. – Almaty. – 2010. – 167 p.

11. Kim D.S. Radiatsionnaya ekologicheskaya obstanovka v Respublike Kazakhstan v rayonakh raspolozheniya reaktorov i na territorii Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona. // Radiatsionnaya biologiya. Radioekologiya. – 2012. – Vol. 52. – No. 4. – P. 409–418.

12. Toporova A.V. Otsenka granichnykh parametrov radioaktivnogo zagryazneniya territoriy, garantiruyushchikh neprevyshenie dopustimykh dozovykh nagruzok / Aktual'nye voprosy radioekologii Kazakhstana. Issue 5. Optimizatsiya issledovaniy territoriy Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona s tsel'yu ikh peredachi v khozyaystvennyy oborot / pod ruk. Lukashenko S.N. – Pavlodar: Dom pechati, 2015. – P. 293–308. ISBN 978–601–7112– 99–8.

13. Shatrov A.N., Lukashenko S.N., Zhadyranova A.A., Sal'menbaev S.E., Kashirskiy V.V., Baygazinov Zh.A. Otsenka ozhidaemykh dozovykh nagruzok ot vnutrennego postupleniya tekhnogennykh radionuklidov dlya naseleniya, prozhivayushchego v zone potentsial'nogo vliyaniya Cemipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona // Aktual'nye voprosy radioekologii Kazakhstan [Sb. tr. Natsional'nogo yadernogo tsentra RK za 2014-2016]. – Pavlodar: Dom pechati, 2017. – Vol. 2. – Issue 6. – P. 223–240. ISBN 978–601–7844–54–7.

14. Lukashenko S.N., Bitenova M.M., Kadyrova N.Zh., Apsalikov K.N., Belikhina T.I., Poleshko A.N., Kashirskiy V.V., Minkenova K.S., Shatrov A.N., Zhadyranova A.A., Larionova N.V., Toporova A.V., Mamyrbaeva A.N., Karimbaeva K.S., Kozhakhanov T.E., Baygazinov Zh.A. Rekonstruktsiya dozovykh nagruzok naseleniya Azgirskogo regiona dlya otsenki posled-stviy yadernykh ispytaniy // tez. dokl. V Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. “Mediko-biologicheskie i radio-ekologicheskie problemy v uranodobyvayushchikh regionakh”, June 19–20, 2014, Astana. – Astana. – 2014. – P. 27–28. ISBN 978–601–244–231–1.

15. Khromov V.A. Pozvonochnye zhivotnye Semipalatinskogo regiona. // Vestnik Universiteta «Semey». – 1999. – No. 5–6. – P. 56–65.

16. Yablokov A. V., Baranov A. S., Rozanov A. S. Populyatsionnaya struktura, geograficheskaya izmenchivost' i mikrofiziogenez peschanoy yashcheritsy (Lacerta agilis). // Evolyutsionnaya biologiya. – 1991. – No. 121. – 27 p.

17. Panitskiy A.V., Lukashenko S.N. Nature of radioactive contamination of components of ecosystems of streamflows from tunnels of Degelen massif // Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. – 2015. P. 32–40.

18. Korovikova T.V., Mustafina E.V., Osintsev A.Yu., Dmitropavlenko V.N., Yakovenko Yu.Yu. Vliyaniya provedennykh rabot po sozdaniyu dopolnitel'noy zashchity inzhenernykh sooruzheniy shtolen gornogo massiva “Degelen” na radiatsionnuyu obstanovku priportal'nykh uchastkov // Aktual'nye voprosy radioekologii Kazakhstana [Sb. tr. Instituta radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti i ekologii za 2007–2009 gg.]. – 2010. – Issue 2. – P. 157– 202. ISBN 978–601–7112–28–8

19. Kompleksnoe izuchenie migratsii radionuklidov v ekosistemakh razlichnykh landshaftov Semipalatinskogo poligona, podvergshikhsya yadernym ispytaniyam raznogo kharaktera: otchet o NIR (zaklyuchitel'nyy) za 2014 gg. / Institut radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti i ekologii NYaTs RK (IRBE NYaTs RK), ruk. S.N. Lukashenko, A.V. Panitskiy, A.O. Aydarkhanov – Kurchatov: IRBE NYaTs RK. – 2014.– 92 p. – No. GR 0112RK00543 – Inv. No. 0214RK02967 ot 08.12.2014.

20. Kunduzbaeva A.E., Osintsev A.Yu., Lukashenko S.N., Magasheva R.Yu. Formy nakhozhdeniya iskusstvennykh radionuklidov v pochvakh ispytatel'noy ploshchadki boevykh radioaktivnykh veshchestv // Aktual'nye voprosy radioekologii Kazakhstana [Sb. tr. Natsional'nogo yadernogo tsentra RK za 2011-2012 g.] / pod ruk. Lukashenko S.N. – Pavlodar: Dom pechati. – 2013. – Vol. 2. – Issue 4. – P. 167–180. ISBN 978–601–7112–74–5

21. Metodika vypolneniya izmereniy. Gosstandart, 1993 g., inv. No. 92.

22. Rukovodstvo po ekspluatatsii dozimetra radiometra MKSAT6130.

23. Dozimetry radiometry MKS-AT6130, MKS-AT6130A, MKS-AT6130V. Rukovodstvo po ekspluatatsii. ATOMTEX Nauchno–proizvodstvennoe unitarnoe predpriyatie. – 84 p.

24. Aktivnost' radionuklidov v ob"emnykh obraztsakh. Metodika vypolneniya izmereniy na γ-spektrometre: MI 2143-91. - Vved. 1998-06-02. - Reg. No. 5.06.001.98. – Moscow: NPO VNIIFTRI. – 1991. – 17 p.

25. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po sanitarnomu kontrolyu za soderzhaniem radioaktivnykh veshchestv v ob"ektakh vneshney sredy. – Vved. 1999. – Reg. No. 5.05.008.99.

26. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po voprosam otsenki radiatsionnogo vozdeystviya na cheloveka i biotu. Pod obshchey redaktsiey I.I. Linge i I.I. Krysheva. – Moscow. – 2015. – 265 p.

27. ICRP (2008) “Environmental protection: the concept and use of Reference Animals and Plants. ICRP Publication 108”, Annals of the ICRP 38 (4-6).

28. Kryshev I.I., Sazykina T.G. Radiatsionnaya bezopas-nost' okruzhayushchey sredy: neobkhodimost' garmonizatsii rossiyskikh i mezhdunarodnykh normativno-metodicheskikh dokumentov s uchetom trebovaniy federal'nogo zakonodatel'stva i novykh mezhdunarodnykh osnovnykh norm bezopasnosti ONB-2011. // Radiatsiya i risk. – 2013. – Vol. 22. – No. 1. – P. 47–61.

29. Andersson P., Beaugelin-Seiller K., Beresford Nick, Copplestone D., Della Vedova C., Garnier-Laplace J., Howard B., Howe P., Oughton D. H., Wells C., Whitehouse P. Numerical benchmarks for protecting biota from radiation in the environment: proposed levels, underlying reasoning and recommendations. PROTECT Deliverable 5. EC contract number: 036425 (FI6R). –2008. – 112 p.

30. Kadyrova N.Zh., Zhapbasov R. Radiobiologicheskie i tsitogeneticheskie aspekty posledstviy khronicheskogo vozdeystviya ioniziruyushchikh izlucheniy Semipalatinskogo ispytatel'nogo poligona na prirodnye populyatsii rasteniy i zhivotnykh: monografiya. – Pavlodar: TOO “Dom pechati”. – 2019. – 312 p.