КОМПОЗИТНЫЕ МЕМБРАНЫ НА ОСНОВЕ MXene И НАНОЦЕЛЛЮЛОЗЫ: СВОЙСТВА И ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ В ОЧИСТКЕ ВОДЫ

В настоящее время нехватка водных ресурсов и снижение их качества являются одной из важнейших экологических и социальных проблем. В результате промышленного производства, сельского хозяйства и бытовой деятельности реки, озера и подземные воды загрязняются тяжелыми металлами, органическими красителями, фармацевтическими остатками, микропластиком и патогенными микроорганизмами. Это приводит к разрушению экосистем, нанесению вреда биоте и увеличению риска для здоровья человека. Традиционные методы очистки воды – отстаивание, хлорирование, адсорбция, использование ионообменных смол – эффективны лишь частично и не способны полностью удалять загрязнители при сложном составе или высокой концентрации. В связи с этим мембранные технологии рассматриваются как перспективное направление, позволяющее эффективно разделять воду на молекулярном уровне, потреблять меньше энергии и обеспечивать экологическую безопасность. В последние годы особый интерес вызывают композитные мембраны на основе MXene и наноцеллюлозы. MXene – это двухмерные карбиды и нитриды, получаемые из фаз MAX, обладающие слоистой структурой, высокой электропроводностью, гидрофильностью и функциональными поверхностными группами, что повышает проводимость мембран и эффективность разделения ионов и адсорбции органических загрязнителей. Наноцеллюлоза является биологически разлагаемым наноматериалом, обеспечивающим механическую прочность, стабильность и биосовместимость мембраны, а также повышающим селективность и антифулинговые свойства.

Комбинация MXene и наноцеллюлозы демонстрирует синергетический эффект: наноцеллюлоза предотвращает агрегацию слоев MXene, а прочные межфазные взаимодействия защищают мембрану от дефектов. Это позволяет эффективно удалять соли, тяжелые металлы, органические красители, фармацевтические остатки и микропластик. Кроме того, слоистая структура композита и функциональные группы обеспечивают долгосрочную стабильность и высокую производительность.

В статье подробно рассматриваются свойства MXene и наноцеллюлозы, методы получения композитных мембран, их структурные характеристики и перспективы применения в очистке воды. Исследование демонстрирует потенциал новых поколений мембранных технологий как экологически безопасных, высокоэффективных и стабильных материалов, что имеет важное научное и практическое значение для эффективной очистки воды и долгосрочной стабильности систем.

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