БИОРАЗЛАГАЕМЫЕ ГЕЛЬ-ПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТЫ ДЛЯ ТВЕРДОТЕЛЬНЫХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРОВ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

Биоразлагаемые гель-полимерные электролиты (ГПЭ) являются перспективной альтернативой жидким электролитам и синтетическим сепараторам в твердотельных суперконденсаторах (ТСС) для носимой электроники, биомедицинских устройств и автономных сенсоров [1–3]. Они обеспечивают повышенную безопасность, предотвращают утечки электролита, повышают гибкость устройств и снижают экологическую нагрузку. В обзоре систематизированы современные подходы к созданию биоразлагаемых ГПЭ на основе хитозана, альгината, желатина, целлюлозы и её производных, крахмала, лигнина, полимолочной кислоты и других полимеров. Рассмотрены методы модификации (сшивка, функционализация, композитирование, введение нанонаполнителей) и механизмы ионного транспорта в гелевых матрицах. Особое внимание уделено влиянию электролита на ионную проводимость, эквивалентное последовательное сопротивление (ESR), рабочее напряжение и циклическую стабильность. Обсуждены основные ограничения биоразлагаемых ГПЭ и перспективы разработки “зелёных” твердотельных энергонакопительных устройств.

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